Effect of Organizational Commitment on Turnover Intention of Senior High Private School Teachers in Cebu City, Philippines
Main Article Content
Keywords
Educational administration, educational quality, teacher’s commitment, teaching profession, turnover intention I
Abstract
The additional two years of the country's basic education program worsened the private school teacher shortages, posing a potential problem to retain competent teachers as they are affected by teachers' migration to public schools. This paper examined the effect of organizational commitment on turnover intention of senior high (S.H.) private school teachers in one of the biggest cities in the country. Purposive sampling was used to collect data from the top four S.H. private schools in Cebu City with the highest number of students. A total of 220 Cebu City-based teachers completed the survey. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to analyze the collected data. Results show that affective and normative commitments have significant and negative relationships with turnover intention. These results suggest that private schools in Cebu City need to develop activities that can build teacher-institution relationships to increase the emotional attachment and obligations of the teachers to stay for their students and institution. The study recommends to conduct a study exploring mediating factors (e.g., job satisfaction and employee empowerment) to provide more comprehensive results on turnover intention.
Publication History
Version of Record online: June 18, 2022
Manuscript accepted: June 8, 2022
Manuscript revised: June 6, 2022
Manuscript received: November 24, 2021
References
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Bothma, C.F.C., & Roodt, G. (2013). The validation of the turnover intention scale. SA Journal of Human Resource Management/SA Tydskrif vir Menslikehulpbronbestuur, 11(1), Art. #507, 12 pages. https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.4102/sajhrm.v11i1.507
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Gatling, A., Kang, H. J. A., & Kim, J. S. (2016). The effects of authentic leadership and organizational commitment on turnover intention. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 37(2), 181-199. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-05-2014-0090
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Imran, R., Allil, K., & Mahmoud, A. B. (2017). Teacher’s turnover intentions: Examining the impact of motivation and organizational commitment. International Journal of Educational Management, 31(6), 828-842. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-05-2016-0131
Jonathan, H., Darroux, C., & Thibeli, M. (2013). Exploring the effect of job satisfaction and demographic factors on affective, normative and continuance commitment: an empirical evidence of public secondary school teachers in Tanzania. Journal of Education and Practice, 4(23), 85-96. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234634836.pdf
Jonathan, H., Thibeli, M., & Darroux, C. (2013). Impact investigation of organizational commitment on intention to leave of public secondary school teachers in Tanzania. Developing Country Studies, 3(11), 78-91. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234681336.pdf
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Bermudez, M. (2018, April 07). What went before: The K-12 program. Inquirer.net. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/980733/what-went-before-the-k-12-program
Bernardo, A. B., Ganotice, F. A., & King, R. B. (2015). Motivation gap and achievement gap between public and private high schools in the Philippines. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 24(4), 657-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-014-0213-2
BinBakr, M. B., & Ahmed, E. I. (2015). An empirical investigation of faculty members’ organizational commitment in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. An Empirical Investigation of Faculty Members’ Organizational Commitment in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 3, 1020-1026. https://doi.org/10.12691/education-3-8-12
Bosano, R., Aguilar, J., Canoy, J.., Vicencio, L., Rutao, G., & Cariño, J. (2019, June 03). 27 Million return to school as classroom, teacher lack persists. ABS-CBN News. https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/06/03/19/27-millionreturn-to-school-as-classroom-teacher-lack-persists
Bothma, C.F.C., & Roodt, G. (2013). The validation of the turnover intention scale. SA Journal of Human Resource Management/SA Tydskrif vir Menslikehulpbronbestuur, 11(1), Art. #507, 12 pages. https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.4102/sajhrm.v11i1.507
Braid, F. (2015, October 21). Teachers and our state of education. Manila Bulletin. https://www.pids.gov.ph/pids-in-the-news/1359
Çağla Garipağaoğlu, B. (2013). Examining organizational commitment of private school teachers. Journal of Educational & Instructional Studies in the World, 3(2). https://web.s.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=21467463&AN=90547125&h=KiQxOblu4dSWGOi4qNfa7pcgjU9PPEBMr6Tgz7X67xWOEwOBVKiS44IqJuv9aFaQw2pNj5uAbepMtAmsw6kWzw%3d%3d&crl=c&resultNs=AdminWebAuth&resultLocal=ErrCrlNotAuth&crlhashurl=login.aspx%3fdirect%3dtrue%26profile%3dehost%26scope%3dsite%26authtype%3dcrawler%26jrnl%3d21467463%26AN%3d90547125
Christopher, S. A., Fethney, J., Chiarella, M., & Waters, D. (2018). Factors influencing turnover in GenX nurses: Results of an Australian survey. Collegian, 25(2), 217-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2017.06.003
David, C., Ducanes G., Yee, K.M., & Generalao I.N. (2019). Teacher Education in the Philippines: Are we meeting the demand for quantity and quality?. https://peac.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/5-Dr.-ClarissaDavid-Harmonizing-Teacher-Supply-and-Demand.pdf
Department of Education. (2015). Policy guidelines on the implementation of the senior high school (SHS) voucher program and under the government assistance to students and teachers in private education (GASTPE). https://peac.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/DepEd-Order-No.-11-s.-2015-.pdf
Department of Education. (2017). Guidelines on the implementation of the senior high school (SHS) voucher program effective school year 2017-2018. https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/DO_s2017_019.pdf
Fenton‐O’Creevy, M., & Furnham, A. (2020). Money attitudes, personality, and chronic impulse buying. Applied Psychology, 69(4), 1557-1572. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12215
Fellows, S., Kahn, W. A., & Kessler, E. H. (2016). Encyclopedia of management theory. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264205545_Organizational_commitment_theory
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
Fransson, G., & Frelin, A. (2016). Highly committed teachers: What makes them tick? A study of sustained commitment. Teachers and Teaching, 22(8), 896-912. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2016.1201469
García, E., & Weiss, E. (2019). The teacher shortage is real, large and growing, and worse than we thought. The first report in «The Perfect Storm in the Teacher Labor Market» Series. Economic Policy Institute. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED598211
Gatling, A., Kang, H. J. A., & Kim, J. S. (2016). The effects of authentic leadership and organizational commitment on turnover intention. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 37(2), 181-199. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-05-2014-0090
Geronimo, J. (2016, June 17). DepEd: Senior high school enrollment hits 1 million. Rappler. https://www.rappler.com/nation/136758-senior-high-schoolenrollment-one-million
Grant, A. A., Jeon, L., & Buettner, C. K. (2019). Relating early childhood teachers’ working conditions and well-being to their turnover intentions. Educational Psychology, 39(3), 294-312. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2018.1543856
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis (new int. ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education. https://www.worldcat.org/title/multivariate-data-analysis/oclc/900353065
Hanushek, E. A., Rivkin, S. G., & Schiman, J. C. (2016). Dynamic effects of teacher turnover on the quality of instruction. Economics of Education Review, 55, 132-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2016.08.004
Harlow, L. L., Mulaik, S. A., & Steiger, J. H. (Eds.). (2016). What If There Were No Significance hana Tests?: Classic Edition. https://doi. org/10.4324/9781315629049
Hernando-Malipot, M. (2018, June 16). Teacher migration from private to public schools is a problem. Manila Bulletin. https://mb.com.ph/2018/06/16/teacher-migration-from-private-to-public-schools-is-a-problem/
Idris, F., Hassan, Z., Ya’acob, A., Gill, S. K., & Awal, N. A. M. (2012). The role of education in shaping youth's national identity. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 59, 443-450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.299
Imran, R., Allil, K., & Mahmoud, A. B. (2017). Teacher’s turnover intentions: Examining the impact of motivation and organizational commitment. International Journal of Educational Management, 31(6), 828-842. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-05-2016-0131
Jonathan, H., Darroux, C., & Thibeli, M. (2013). Exploring the effect of job satisfaction and demographic factors on affective, normative and continuance commitment: an empirical evidence of public secondary school teachers in Tanzania. Journal of Education and Practice, 4(23), 85-96. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234634836.pdf
Jonathan, H., Thibeli, M., & Darroux, C. (2013). Impact investigation of organizational commitment on intention to leave of public secondary school teachers in Tanzania. Developing Country Studies, 3(11), 78-91. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234681336.pdf
Khairunnisa, L., Mariatin, E., & Zahreni, S. (2021). The Influence of organizational culture on turnover intention of x hospital employees. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies, 27(2), 733-741. http://ijpsat.es/index.php/ijpsat/article/view/3319
Khan, S. (2015). Organizational commitment among public and private school teachers. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 2(3), 65-73. https://doi.org/10.25215/0203.081
Klein, H. J., & Park, H. M. (2015). Organizational commitment. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences: Second Edition. Elsevier Inc. 334-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.22032-1
Liu, S., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2012). Chinese teachers’ work stress and their turnover intention. International Journal of Educational Research, 53, 160-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2012.03.006
Mashile, D. A., Munyeka, W., & Ndlovu, W. (2019). Organizational culture and turnover intentions among academics: a case of a rural-based university. Studies in Higher Education, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1637844
Maqsood, A., Hanif, R., Rehman, G., & Glenn, W. (2012). Validation of the three-component model of organizational commitment questionnaire. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 6(2). https://www.proquest.com/docview/1353538093?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true
McInerney, D. M., Ganotice Jr, F. A., King, R. B., Marsh, H. W., & Morin, A. J. (2015). Exploring commitment and turnover intentions among teachers: What we can learn from Hong Kong teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 52, 11-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2015.08.004
Montemayor, M. (2018, March 19). Class-size affects students› learning: DepEd. Philippine News Agency [PNA].https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1029281
Obal, M. W., Krey, N., & Bushardt, C. (Eds.). (2015). Let's get engaged! Crossing the threshold of marketing’s engagement era: Proceedings of the 2014 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference. Springer. https://books.google.com.ph/books?hl=en&lr=&id=WMIvCwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=Obal,+M.+W.,+Krey,+N.,+%26+Bushardt,+C.+(Eds.).+(2015).+Let%27s+get+engaged!+Crossing+the+-
threshold+of+marketing%E2%80%99s+engagement+era:+Proceedings+of+the+2014+Academy+of+Marketing+Science+(AMS)+Annual+Conference.+Springer.+&ots=REaS2kmBxb&sig=fgIedlvyT1ynSEd--Q1hdg6Mtik&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Obal%2C%20M.%20W.%2C%20Krey%2C%20N.%2C%20%26%20Bushardt%2C%20C.%20(Eds.).%20(2015).%20Let's%20get%20engaged!%20Crossing%20the%2-0threshold%20of%20marketing%E2%80%99s%20engagement%20era%3A%20Proceedings%20of%20the%202014%20Academy%20of%20Marketing%20Science%20(AMS)%20Annual%20Conference.%20Springer.&f=falsePhilippine Statistics Authority. (2019). Education qualityin the Philippines. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/files/meetings/sdg-inter-workshop-jan-2019/Session%2011.b.3_Philippines___Education%20Equality%20AssessmentFINAL4.pdf
Philippine Statistics Authority. (2020). Employment situation in January 2020. https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/ survey/labor-and-employment/labor-force-survey/title/Employment%20Situation%20in%20January%202020
Quismorio, E. (2019, December 04). Private school teachers deserve pay hike too, says solon. Manila Bulletin. https://mb.com.ph/2019/12/04/private-schoolteachers-deserve-pay-hike-too-says-solon/
Roodt, G. (2004). Turnover intentions. Unpublished document. Johannesburg: University of Johannesburg.
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Jun 18, 2022
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Oberes, M. V., & Tan, T. A. (2022). Effect of Organizational Commitment on Turnover Intention of Senior High Private School Teachers in Cebu City, Philippines. The Normal Lights, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.56278/tnl.v16i1.1714
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