Applying Health and Food Literacy Models to College Students' Nutrition Knowledge and Salt Consumption
Main Article Content
Keywords
Health Literacy, Food Literacy, College Students, Nutrition Knowledge and Habits, Salt consumption
Abstract
This descriptive quantitative study examined the college students' nutrition knowledge and salt consumption by applying Nutbeam's Health Literacy (NHL) and Grier's Food Literacy (GFL) models. These models identified the underlying factors behind nutritional knowledge on salt and salt consumption. The study surveyed 664 students from 13 colleges of different courses from first year to fifth year in a state university in Diliman, Quezon City, through stratified random sampling. Data were analyzed using frequency and percentages. The survey revealed that 96% of the respondents were unaware of the recommended salt intake per day while 72% preferred salted food because of its affordability, accessibility, and taste than unsalted food. More than half of the respondents add salt for flavor during cooking, and add salt to their food while eating and 67% do not control their salt intake. Based on these results, it may be confirmed that health and food literacy are related to college students' unhealthy dietary habits. Thus, the empirical evidence may infer how health professionals may develop health literacy materials that will enhance students' knowledge on healthy dietary practices in particular salt consumption.
References
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Eating habits of college students in Los Baños (October 2011). Retrieved from https://thespringjournalist. wordpress.com.251 The Normal Lights Volume 13, No. 1 (2019)
Farrand, C., Charlton, K., Crino, M., Santos, J., Fernandez, F.R.R.(2017). Know your noodles! Assessing varia ¬tions in sodium content of instant noodles across coun ¬tries. Nutrients 9(6), 612. Retrieved from https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5490591/
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Chung, L.M. (2017). Food literacy of adolescents as a predic ¬tor of their healthy eating and dietary quality. Journal of Child and Adolescent Behavior, 5(3), 1-2, doi:10. 4172/2375-4494.1000e117.
Colatruglio, S., & Slater, J. (2014). Food literacy: Bridging the gap between food, nutrition, and well-being. Re ¬trieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publica ¬tion/2693394694.
Consesus Action on Salt and Health (CASH) (2016). Look out for hidden salt. Retrieved from www.actionsalt.org.uk.
Coyne, A. (February 2018). Spain to cut sugar, salt and fat in food items. Retrieved from https://justfood.com.
Daly, S.U., Lin, M., Roberston, E.G., Wakefield, C.E., McGill, B.C., Girgis, A., & Cohn, R.J. (2016). Health literacy in adolescents and young adults: An updated review. Jour ¬nal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology, 5(2), 106- 118, doi:10.1089.
Deliens, T., Clarys, P., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Deforche, B. (2014). Determinants of eating behavior in university students: A qualitative study using focus group dis ¬cussions. BMC Public Health Journal, 14:43,1-12, re ¬trieved from http://www.biomedcentral.com.
Dickinson, K.M., Clifton, P.M., & Keogh, J.B. (2012). En ¬dothelial function is impaired after a high-salt meal in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr., 93(3):500-5. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.006155
Dumlao, T. A. (Octobter 2014). Filipinos have worst health habits in Asia, says study. Retrieved from http://life ¬style.inquirer.net.
Eating habits of college students in Los Baños (October 2011). Retrieved from https://thespringjournalist. wordpress.com.251 The Normal Lights Volume 13, No. 1 (2019)
Farrand, C., Charlton, K., Crino, M., Santos, J., Fernandez, F.R.R.(2017). Know your noodles! Assessing varia ¬tions in sodium content of instant noodles across coun ¬tries. Nutrients 9(6), 612. Retrieved from https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5490591/
Farquhar, W. B., Edwards, D.G., Jurkovitz, C.T., & Weintraub, WS.S.(2015). Dietary sodium and health: more than just blood pressure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 65(10): 1042–1050. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.12.039. Retrieved from https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5098396/
Friis, K., Vind, B.D., Simmons, R.K., & Maindal, H.T. (2016). The relationship between health Literacy and health behaviourin people with Diabetes: a Danish popula ¬tion-based study. Journal of Diabetes Research, http:// dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7823130.
Golluche, F.S., Jalili, Z., Tavakoli, R., & Ghanbari, S. (2017). The study of relationship between health literacy and nutritional practice in High School Adolescents in Teh ¬ran. Iran J Health Educ Health Promot, 5(3): 224-230.
Hassan, H.D., Keshani, P., & Kaveh, MH. (2018). Nutrition literacy as a determinant for diet quality amongst young adolescents: A cross sectional study. Progress in Nutrition, 20:1-11. doi:10.23751/pn.
He, F.J., Jenner, K., & MacGregor, G.A. (2010). WASH: World action on salt and health. Kidney International, 78, 745- 753. Retrieved from http://www.kidney-international. org.
Healthy People 2020 (2014). Social determinants of health. Retrieved from https://www.healthypeople.gov.
Hendriksen, M., Verkaik-Kloosterman, J., Noort, M.W.A., & Raaij, J.M.A (2015). Nutritional impact of sodium 252 The Normal Lights Volume 13, No. 1 (2019) reduction strategies on sodium intake from processed foods. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69, 805- 810.
Hesamedin, A.M., Solhi, M., Montazeri, A., Shojaeizadeh, D., Nejat, S., Farahani, F.K., & Djazayeri, A.(2016). Factors Influencing fast-food consumption among adolescents in Tehran: A Qualitative Study. Iran Red Crescent Med. Journal, 18(3), doi:10.5812.
Jaymalin, M. (April 2013). Pinoy with hypertension growing in number and getting youngerRetrieved from http:// www.science.ph and www.pchrd.dost.gov.ph.
Jiet, L.J., & Soma, M.R. (2017). High salt diets in young university adults and the correlation with blood pressure, protein intake and fat free mass .Bioscience Horizons: The International Journal of Student Research, 10. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com.
Johnson, A. (2014). Health literacy, does it make a difference? Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 31:3, 39-45.
Kam, K. (2006). Beware of the salt shockers dozens of foods can drive your sodium consumption way past recommended levels. Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com
Krause, C.G., Beer-Borst, S., & Abel, T. (2018). A short food literacy questionnaire (SFLQ) for adults: Findings from a Swiss validation study. Appetite Journal, 120, 275- 280. Retrieved from ScienceDirect
Kuczmarski, M.F., Adams, E.L., & Evans, M.K. (2016). Health literacy and education predict nutrient quality diet of socioeconomically diverse, urban adults. Journal of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, 2(1):115.
Leachon, A. (2014). Health literacy in the Philippines low. Retrieved from www.pchrd.dost.gov.ph253 The Normal Lights Volume 13, No. 1 (2019)
Loomes, S., & Croft, A. (2013). An Investigation into the eating behaviour of international students studying at an Australian university: should we be concerned? Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 35(5), 483-494.
Lupi, S., Bagordo F., Stefanati, A., Grassi, T., Piccinni, L., Bergamini, M., & De Donno, A.(2015). Assessment of lifestyle and eating habits among undergraduate students in Northern Italy. Ann 1st Super Sanita, 15:2, 154-161, doi: 10.4415.
Luta, X., Hayoz, S., Grea Krause, C., Sommerhalder, K., Roos, E., Strazzullo, P., & Beer-Borst, S. (2018). The relationship of health/food literacy and salt awareness to daily sodium and potassium intake among a workplace population in Switzerland. Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases Journal, 28, 270-277. Retrieved from www.sciencedirect.com.
Majors, M.R. (2015). Dietary habits and knowledge of college students. Dietetics and Human Nutrition, 30. Retrieved from http://www.alliedacademies.org.
Manganello, J., & Shone, L.P (2013, May). Health literacy. ACT for youth center of excellence research facts and findings. Retrieved from www.ACTFORYOUTH.net.
Mateo, I.C. (2014). Low health literacy level alarming, making Filipinos more sick. Retrieved from http://www.gma ¬network.com/news/lifestyle/healthandwellness/366216.
Mhurchu, C. N., Capelin, C., & Jebb, S.A. (2011). Sodium content of processed foods in the United Kingdom: Analysis of 44,000 foods purchased by 21, 000 house ¬holds. Am J. Clin Nutr., 93:594-600.
Montecalbo, R.C., & Cardenas, R.C. (2015). Nutritional Knowledge and Dietary Habits of Philippine Collegiate 254 The Normal Lights Volume 13, No. 1 (2019) Athletes. International Journal of Sports Science, 5(2): 45-50. DOI: 10.5923/j.sports.20150502.01
Nastaskin, R.S., & Fiocco, A.J. (2015). A survey of diet self-ef ¬ficacy and food intake in students with high and low perceived stress. Nutrition Journal, 14(42). Retrieved from https://pdfs.semantischolar.org.
Nestle, M., Wing, R., Birch, L., Drewnoski, A., Middleton, S., Sigman-Grant, M., Sobal, J., Winston, M., & Econo ¬mos, C. (1998). Behavioral and social influences on food choice. Nutrition Reviews, 56(5), s50-74.
Nutbeam, D. (2000). Health literacy as a public health goal: A challenge for contemporary health education and com ¬munication strategies into the 21st century. Health Pro ¬motion International, 15(3), 259-267.
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Jun 14, 2019
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How to Cite
Zamora, M. C. V. (2019). Applying Health and Food Literacy Models to College Students’ Nutrition Knowledge and Salt Consumption. The Normal Lights, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.56278/tnl.v13i1.1242
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Research Article
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