NFTs in Education: A Model for Creation of NFTivized Course Completion Certificates
Main Article Content
Keywords
Teacher education, non-fungible tokens, green blockchain, credential Fraud, cryptocurrency
Abstract
The field of higher education in India is plagued by various fraudulent institutions and actors who profit at the expense of students and parents, for example, by issuing fake course completion certificates, which adversely affect the quality of teacher education. This paper presents a possible solution in the form of a model in which a digital record of the student's academic progress is created on the blockchain, which is then used to create a non-falsifiable tokenized version of the student's certificate of completion with a QR code-based mechanism that helps to improve the quality of teacher education in the course completion certificate process. Through this model, cases of certificate fraud can be reduced, and confidence in the quality of education that students receive in the institutions can be ensured.
Publication History
Version of Record online: December 28, 2023
Manuscript accepted: December 19, 2023
Manuscript revised: December 14, 2023
Manuscript received: August 7, 2023
References
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Cheng, J. (December 12, 2021). How NFT and metaverse will accelerate virtual education. Eduloco. https://www.eduloco.com/how-nft-metaverse-will-accelerate-virtual-education/.
Chiu, I. H., & Allen, J. G. (2022). Exploring the assetisation and financialisation of non-fungible tokens (NFTs): Opportunities and regulatory implications. SSRN Electronic Journal. Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4051912.
Das, D., & Dutta, A. (2020). Bitcoin's energy consumption: Is it the Achilles heel to miner's revenue? Economics Letters, 186, 108530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2019.108530.
Far, S. B., Bamakan, S. M. H., Qu, Q., & Jiang, Q. (2022). A review of non-fungible tokens applications in the real-world and metaverse. Procedia Computer Science, 214, 755-762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2022.11.238.
Gomez, A. (November 24, 2022). How to verify NFT ownership (use this one simple method). Cyberscrilla. https://cyberscrilla.com/how-nftsare-tracked-and-verified/.
Gräther, W. (2018). Blockchain for education: Lifelong learning passport. https://dl.eusset.eu/items/
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Kumar, N. N., & Kumar, R. S., Basale. R.R., Saffath. M. (2022). Decentralized storage of educational assets using NFTs and blockchain technology. IEEE Access 4th International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT). https://doi.org/10.1109/icssit53264.2022.9716362.
Liang, W., & Nan, J. (2021). Privacy challenges of IoTbased blockchain: A systematic review. Cluster Computing, 25(3), 2203-2221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-021-03260-0
Lizcano, D., & Lara, J. (2019). A, White. B, Aljawarneh. S.. Blockchain-based approach to create a model of trust in open and ubiquitous higher education. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 32(1), 109-134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-019-09209-y.
McGiffen, M. (2022). Hashing and salting of passwords. In Apress eBooks, (269-275). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-8664-7_19.
Mohamedbhai, G. (2016). The scourge of fraud and corruption in higher education. International Higher Education, (84), 12-14. https://doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2016.84.9111.
Nicolle. (2022, May 1). Tokenproof wins where Twitter fails. NFT News Pro. https://nftnewspro.com/tokenproof-wins-where-twitterfails/
Nofer, M., Gomber, P., Hinz, O., & Opensea. (May 01, 2021), Retrieved December 11, 2023. https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0xbc4ca0eda7647a8ab7c2061c2e118a18a936f13d/7698. Bored Ape Yacht Club, 7698.
Panagiotidis, P. (2022). Blockchain in e ducation - The case of language learning. European Journal of Education, 5(1), 66-82. https://doi.org/10.26417/443gjm83.
Pathak, A. (2022). Horror of education racket. Tribunehttps://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/horror-of-education-racket-399571.
Reis-Marques, C., Figueiredo, R., & de Castro Neto, M. S. (2021). Applications of blockchain Technology to Higher Education Arena: A bibliometric analysis. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 11(4), 1406-1421. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11040101.
Santiso, C. (August 4, 2021). Digitalisation as an anticorruption strategy: What are the integrity dividends of going digital? OECD Development Matters. https://oecd-development-matters.org/2021/08/04/
digitalisation-as-an-anti-corrup-tion-strategy-what-are-the-integrity-dividends-of-going-digital/.
Sarkar, S. (March 3, 2021). India's fake degrees: Hundreds in Singapore, Malaysia, US, Canada left questioning qualifications after Manav Bharti University scandal. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/people/article/3123929/indias-fake-degrees-hundreds-singapore-malaysia-us-canada-left.
Schiereck, D. (2017). Blockchain. Business and Information Systems Engineering, 59(3), 183-187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-017-0467-3.
Sharma, A. K., Sharma, D. M., Purohit, N., & Sharma,S. (2022). Blockchain technology. In A, Khan
(Eds.), CRC Press ebooks (pp. 163-180). https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003138082-10.
Swain, S., & Gochhait, S. (2022). ABCD technology: AI, blockchain, cloud computing, and data security in the Islamic banking sector. In International Conference on Sustainable Islamic Business and Finance (SIBF), Sakhir, Bahrain, 2022 (pp. 58-62). https://doi.org/10.1109/SIBF56821.2022.9939683.
Trautman, L. J. (2021). Virtual art and non-fungible tokens. Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3814087.
Umashankar, V. (March 26, 2021). The Indian higher education conundrum: A case for digitalization. Forbes India. https://www.forbesindia.com/article/great-lakes-institute-of-management/the-indian-higher-education-conundrum-a-case-for-digitalization/67153/1.
Vilchis, N. (April 1, 2022). How do NFTs support education? Institute for the Future of Education.https://observatory.tec.mx/edunews/how-do-nfts-support-education/.
Williams, P. (2019). Does competency-based education with blockchain signal a new mission for universities? Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 41(1), 104-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2018.1520491.
Wüst, K., & Gervais, A. (2018). Do you need a blockchain? In 2018 Crypto Valley Conference on Blockchain Technology (CVCBT), Zug, Switzerland (pp. 45-54). doi:10.1109/CVCBT.2018.00011.
Wu, C., & Liu, C. (2022). Educational applications of Non-Fungible Token (NFT). Sustainability, 15(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010007.
Zhao, X., & Si, Y. W. (2021). NFTCert: NFT-based certificates with online payment gateway. In IEEE International Conference on Blockchain (Blockchain), Melbourne, Australia, 2021 (pp. 538-543). https://doi.org/10.1109/Blockchain53845.2021.00081.
Bamakan, S. M. H., Nezhadsistani, N., Bodaghi, O., & Qu, Q. (2022). Patents and intellectual property assets as non-fungible tokens; Key technologies and challenges. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 2178. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05920-6.
BannermanQuist, J. (2022, October 5). OpenSea to allow users to submit bulk NFT listings and purchases. Cointelegraph. https://cointelegraph.com/news/opensea-to-allow-users-tosubmit-bulk-nft-listings-and-purchases
Bidry, M., Ouaguid, A., & Hanine, M. (2023). Enhancing e-learning with blockchain: Characteristics, projects, and emerging trends. Future Internet, 15(9), 293. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15090293.
Bucea-Manea-Țoniş, R., Martins, O., Bucea-Manea-Țoniş, R., Gheorghiță, C., Kuleto, V., Ilić, M., & Simion, V. (2021). Blockchain technology enhances sustainable higher education. Sustainability, 13(22), 12347. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212347
Cheng, J. (December 12, 2021). How NFT and metaverse will accelerate virtual education. Eduloco. https://www.eduloco.com/how-nft-metaverse-will-accelerate-virtual-education/.
Chiu, I. H., & Allen, J. G. (2022). Exploring the assetisation and financialisation of non-fungible tokens (NFTs): Opportunities and regulatory implications. SSRN Electronic Journal. Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4051912.
Das, D., & Dutta, A. (2020). Bitcoin's energy consumption: Is it the Achilles heel to miner's revenue? Economics Letters, 186, 108530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2019.108530.
Far, S. B., Bamakan, S. M. H., Qu, Q., & Jiang, Q. (2022). A review of non-fungible tokens applications in the real-world and metaverse. Procedia Computer Science, 214, 755-762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2022.11.238.
Gomez, A. (November 24, 2022). How to verify NFT ownership (use this one simple method). Cyberscrilla. https://cyberscrilla.com/how-nftsare-tracked-and-verified/.
Gräther, W. (2018). Blockchain for education: Lifelong learning passport. https://dl.eusset.eu/items/
b02679a3-7e9b-4b22-8249-009737a0d52d.
Gupta, A., & Gupta, S. (2018). Blockchain technology application in Indian banking sector. Delhi Business Review, 19(2), 75-84. https://doi.org/10.51768/dbr.v19i2.192201807.
How transactions get into the blockchain | Euromoney Learning. (2023, August 10). Euromoney Learning. https://www.euromoney.com/learning/insights/blockchain/blockchain-explained/how-transactions-get-into-theblockchain
India, T. (2022, May 30). Horror of education racket. Tribuneindia News Service. https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/horror-of-education-racket-399571
Khan, U., & Zhang, Y., N, Imran. A. (2020). A blockchain e thereum technology-enabled digital content: Development of trading and sharing economy Data, IEEE access. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9273067, 8, 217045-217056 .
Kumar, N. N., & Kumar, R. S., Basale. R.R., Saffath. M. (2022). Decentralized storage of educational assets using NFTs and blockchain technology. IEEE Access 4th International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT). https://doi.org/10.1109/icssit53264.2022.9716362.
Liang, W., & Nan, J. (2021). Privacy challenges of IoTbased blockchain: A systematic review. Cluster Computing, 25(3), 2203-2221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-021-03260-0
Lizcano, D., & Lara, J. (2019). A, White. B, Aljawarneh. S.. Blockchain-based approach to create a model of trust in open and ubiquitous higher education. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 32(1), 109-134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-019-09209-y.
McGiffen, M. (2022). Hashing and salting of passwords. In Apress eBooks, (269-275). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-8664-7_19.
Mohamedbhai, G. (2016). The scourge of fraud and corruption in higher education. International Higher Education, (84), 12-14. https://doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2016.84.9111.
Nicolle. (2022, May 1). Tokenproof wins where Twitter fails. NFT News Pro. https://nftnewspro.com/tokenproof-wins-where-twitterfails/
Nofer, M., Gomber, P., Hinz, O., & Opensea. (May 01, 2021), Retrieved December 11, 2023. https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0xbc4ca0eda7647a8ab7c2061c2e118a18a936f13d/7698. Bored Ape Yacht Club, 7698.
Panagiotidis, P. (2022). Blockchain in e ducation - The case of language learning. European Journal of Education, 5(1), 66-82. https://doi.org/10.26417/443gjm83.
Pathak, A. (2022). Horror of education racket. Tribunehttps://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/horror-of-education-racket-399571.
Reis-Marques, C., Figueiredo, R., & de Castro Neto, M. S. (2021). Applications of blockchain Technology to Higher Education Arena: A bibliometric analysis. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 11(4), 1406-1421. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11040101.
Santiso, C. (August 4, 2021). Digitalisation as an anticorruption strategy: What are the integrity dividends of going digital? OECD Development Matters. https://oecd-development-matters.org/2021/08/04/
digitalisation-as-an-anti-corrup-tion-strategy-what-are-the-integrity-dividends-of-going-digital/.
Sarkar, S. (March 3, 2021). India's fake degrees: Hundreds in Singapore, Malaysia, US, Canada left questioning qualifications after Manav Bharti University scandal. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/people/article/3123929/indias-fake-degrees-hundreds-singapore-malaysia-us-canada-left.
Schiereck, D. (2017). Blockchain. Business and Information Systems Engineering, 59(3), 183-187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-017-0467-3.
Sharma, A. K., Sharma, D. M., Purohit, N., & Sharma,S. (2022). Blockchain technology. In A, Khan
(Eds.), CRC Press ebooks (pp. 163-180). https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003138082-10.
Swain, S., & Gochhait, S. (2022). ABCD technology: AI, blockchain, cloud computing, and data security in the Islamic banking sector. In International Conference on Sustainable Islamic Business and Finance (SIBF), Sakhir, Bahrain, 2022 (pp. 58-62). https://doi.org/10.1109/SIBF56821.2022.9939683.
Trautman, L. J. (2021). Virtual art and non-fungible tokens. Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3814087.
Umashankar, V. (March 26, 2021). The Indian higher education conundrum: A case for digitalization. Forbes India. https://www.forbesindia.com/article/great-lakes-institute-of-management/the-indian-higher-education-conundrum-a-case-for-digitalization/67153/1.
Vilchis, N. (April 1, 2022). How do NFTs support education? Institute for the Future of Education.https://observatory.tec.mx/edunews/how-do-nfts-support-education/.
Williams, P. (2019). Does competency-based education with blockchain signal a new mission for universities? Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 41(1), 104-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2018.1520491.
Wüst, K., & Gervais, A. (2018). Do you need a blockchain? In 2018 Crypto Valley Conference on Blockchain Technology (CVCBT), Zug, Switzerland (pp. 45-54). doi:10.1109/CVCBT.2018.00011.
Wu, C., & Liu, C. (2022). Educational applications of Non-Fungible Token (NFT). Sustainability, 15(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010007.
Zhao, X., & Si, Y. W. (2021). NFTCert: NFT-based certificates with online payment gateway. In IEEE International Conference on Blockchain (Blockchain), Melbourne, Australia, 2021 (pp. 538-543). https://doi.org/10.1109/Blockchain53845.2021.00081.
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Published
Dec 28, 2023
Article Details
How to Cite
Paliwal, M., Bapat, O. J., & Gochhait, S. (2023). NFTs in Education: A Model for Creation of NFTivized Course Completion Certificates. AsTEN Journal of Teacher Education, 7. https://doi.org/10.56278/asten.v7i.2170
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Research Article
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