A CONTENT-BASED READABILITY FORMULA FOR FILIPINO TEXTS
Main Article Content
Keywords
readability, readability formula, Filipino texts, education
Abstract
Several well-known formulas for measuring readability of texts have been developed for use particularly in assessing English texts. For assessing texts in other languages, these formulas were found inadequate or even inappropriate primarily because of the differences in the syntactic structure and lexical nature between and among languages. Thus, some countries have adapted or developed their own formulas to assess reading texts in their respective languages. To date, there is no known formula being widely used to establish the readability of Filipino texts.
This study attempted to develop a readability formula that can be used as the standard in determining the readability levels of Filipino academic books required in the different content area subjects, from Kinder to fourth year high school, that use Filipino as the medium of instruction.References
Anderson, J. (1983). Lix and Rix: Variations on a little known readability index. Journal of Reading, 26.
Bjornsson, C.H. 1968. Lasbarhet. Stockholm: Liber
Bormuth, J. R. (1966). Readability: A new approach. Reading Research Quarterly,1(3).
Bruner, J. S. (1966). Toward a theory of instruction, Cambridge, Mass.: Belkapp Press.
Bruner, J. (1986). Actual Minds, Possible Worlds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Caylor, J., Sticht, T., & Ford J.P. (1973). The FORCAST Readability formula. Literacy Discussion. International Institute for Adult Literacy: UNESCO.
Chall, J. (1958). Readability: An appraisal of research and application. Columbus OH: Bureau of Educational Research, The Ohio State University.
Chall, J., Bissex, G., Conrad, S. & Harris-Sharples, S. (1996). Holistic assessment of texts, scales for estimating the difficulty of Literature, Social Studies and Science materials. Cambridge MA: Brookline.
Chall, J.S. & Dale E. (1995). Manual for the New Dale-Chall Readability Formula. Cambridge, MA: Brookline Books
Dale, E. & Chall, J. (1949). The concept of readability. Elementary English, 26(23).
Dale, E. & Chall, J. (1948). A Formula for Predicting Readability. Educational Research Bulletin. Ohio State University. 27
DuBay, W.H. (2006). Smart language: Readers, readability, and the grading of text. Costa Mesa: Impact Information.
Fry, E.B. (1977). Fry's Readability Graph: Clarifications, validity, and extensions to level 17. Journal of Reading, 21
Fry, E. (2006). Readability. Chapter for Reading Hall of Fame Book. Retrieved from http://www.siuvoss.net/fryreadability.pdf.
Fry, E. B. (2001). Readability. In Literacy in America: An Encyclopedia. Edited by B. Guzzetti. Denver, CO: ABC-CLIO
Fry, E. B. (1989). Legal aspects of readability. ERIC System No. ED 322 489.
Gray, W.S. & Leary, B. (1935). What makes a book readable. University of Chicago
Flesch, R. F. (1948). A new readability yardstick. Journal of Applied Psychology, 32
Gunning, T. G. (2003). Building Literacy in the Content Areas. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Gunning, T.G. (1998). Best books for beginning readers. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Harris, A.J. & Sipay, E. (1985). How to Increase Reading Ability (8th Ed). New York & London: Longman
Kincaid, J.P., Fishbume, Jr, R., Rogers, R., & Chissom, B. (1975). Derivation of new Readability Formulas (Automated Readability Index, Fog Count and Flesch Reading Ease Formula) for Navy Enlisted Personnel. Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/ a006655.pdf
Kouame, J.B. (2010). Using readability tests to improve the accuracy of evaluation documents intended for low-literate participants. Journal of Multi Disciplinary Evaluation, 6(14).
Liau, T., Bassin, C., Martin C.J. & Coleman, E.B. (1976). Modification of the Coleman Readability Formulas. Journal of Literacy Research, 8. Retrieved from http://jlr.sagepub.com/content/8/4/381.
McLaughlin, G.H.(1969). SMOG grading-a new readability formula. Journal of Reading, 22. 2009 Ortograpiya ng Filipino: KWF .
Oyzon, V. & Fullmer, J. M. (2012). MTBMLE initiatives In Region 8. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/2520341/MTBMLE_Initiatives_in_Region_8.
Powers, R. D., Sumner, W. A., & Kearl, B. E. (1958). A recalculation of four adult readability formulas. Journal of Educational Psychology, 49(2).
Santiago, A. O. & Tiangco, N. G. (2003), Makabagong Balarilang Filipino (2nd Ed.), Sta. Mesa Heights, Lungsod ng Quezon: Rex Book Store, Inc.
Stenner, A. J., Horabin, I., Smith, D.R. & Smith, R. (1988). The Lexile Framework. Durham, NC: Metametrics.
School Renaissance Institute (2000). The ATOS readability formula for books and how it compares to other formulas. Madison, WI: School Renaissance Institute, Inc.
Talisayon, V. M. (1983). A Feedback-based Readability Formula for Science and Mathematics Curriculum Materials. Science Education Center: University of the Philippines
Villamin, A. M. & de Guzman, E.S. (1979). Pilipino Readability Formula: The derivation of a readability formula and a Pilipino word list. Language Study Center: Philippine Normal University
Waray Readability Formula. Retrieved from http://waraylanguage.org/page.php?id=about
Wikahon. Retrieved from http://adarna.com.ph/ wikahon/
Bjornsson, C.H. 1968. Lasbarhet. Stockholm: Liber
Bormuth, J. R. (1966). Readability: A new approach. Reading Research Quarterly,1(3).
Bruner, J. S. (1966). Toward a theory of instruction, Cambridge, Mass.: Belkapp Press.
Bruner, J. (1986). Actual Minds, Possible Worlds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Caylor, J., Sticht, T., & Ford J.P. (1973). The FORCAST Readability formula. Literacy Discussion. International Institute for Adult Literacy: UNESCO.
Chall, J. (1958). Readability: An appraisal of research and application. Columbus OH: Bureau of Educational Research, The Ohio State University.
Chall, J., Bissex, G., Conrad, S. & Harris-Sharples, S. (1996). Holistic assessment of texts, scales for estimating the difficulty of Literature, Social Studies and Science materials. Cambridge MA: Brookline.
Chall, J.S. & Dale E. (1995). Manual for the New Dale-Chall Readability Formula. Cambridge, MA: Brookline Books
Dale, E. & Chall, J. (1949). The concept of readability. Elementary English, 26(23).
Dale, E. & Chall, J. (1948). A Formula for Predicting Readability. Educational Research Bulletin. Ohio State University. 27
DuBay, W.H. (2006). Smart language: Readers, readability, and the grading of text. Costa Mesa: Impact Information.
Fry, E.B. (1977). Fry's Readability Graph: Clarifications, validity, and extensions to level 17. Journal of Reading, 21
Fry, E. (2006). Readability. Chapter for Reading Hall of Fame Book. Retrieved from http://www.siuvoss.net/fryreadability.pdf.
Fry, E. B. (2001). Readability. In Literacy in America: An Encyclopedia. Edited by B. Guzzetti. Denver, CO: ABC-CLIO
Fry, E. B. (1989). Legal aspects of readability. ERIC System No. ED 322 489.
Gray, W.S. & Leary, B. (1935). What makes a book readable. University of Chicago
Flesch, R. F. (1948). A new readability yardstick. Journal of Applied Psychology, 32
Gunning, T. G. (2003). Building Literacy in the Content Areas. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Gunning, T.G. (1998). Best books for beginning readers. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Harris, A.J. & Sipay, E. (1985). How to Increase Reading Ability (8th Ed). New York & London: Longman
Kincaid, J.P., Fishbume, Jr, R., Rogers, R., & Chissom, B. (1975). Derivation of new Readability Formulas (Automated Readability Index, Fog Count and Flesch Reading Ease Formula) for Navy Enlisted Personnel. Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/ a006655.pdf
Kouame, J.B. (2010). Using readability tests to improve the accuracy of evaluation documents intended for low-literate participants. Journal of Multi Disciplinary Evaluation, 6(14).
Liau, T., Bassin, C., Martin C.J. & Coleman, E.B. (1976). Modification of the Coleman Readability Formulas. Journal of Literacy Research, 8. Retrieved from http://jlr.sagepub.com/content/8/4/381.
McLaughlin, G.H.(1969). SMOG grading-a new readability formula. Journal of Reading, 22. 2009 Ortograpiya ng Filipino: KWF .
Oyzon, V. & Fullmer, J. M. (2012). MTBMLE initiatives In Region 8. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/2520341/MTBMLE_Initiatives_in_Region_8.
Powers, R. D., Sumner, W. A., & Kearl, B. E. (1958). A recalculation of four adult readability formulas. Journal of Educational Psychology, 49(2).
Santiago, A. O. & Tiangco, N. G. (2003), Makabagong Balarilang Filipino (2nd Ed.), Sta. Mesa Heights, Lungsod ng Quezon: Rex Book Store, Inc.
Stenner, A. J., Horabin, I., Smith, D.R. & Smith, R. (1988). The Lexile Framework. Durham, NC: Metametrics.
School Renaissance Institute (2000). The ATOS readability formula for books and how it compares to other formulas. Madison, WI: School Renaissance Institute, Inc.
Talisayon, V. M. (1983). A Feedback-based Readability Formula for Science and Mathematics Curriculum Materials. Science Education Center: University of the Philippines
Villamin, A. M. & de Guzman, E.S. (1979). Pilipino Readability Formula: The derivation of a readability formula and a Pilipino word list. Language Study Center: Philippine Normal University
Waray Readability Formula. Retrieved from http://waraylanguage.org/page.php?id=about
Wikahon. Retrieved from http://adarna.com.ph/ wikahon/
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Published
Oct 8, 2015
Article Details
How to Cite
Macahilig, H. B. (2015). A CONTENT-BASED READABILITY FORMULA FOR FILIPINO TEXTS. The Normal Lights, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.56278/tnl.v8i1.36
Section
Research Article
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