Perceptions of Pre-service Teachers on Code-switching in Bahasa Indonesia to English or Cebuano to English
Main Article Content
Keywords
Bahasa Indonesia, Cebuano, code-switching, English, pre-service teachers
Abstract
This paper explores the perceptions of Filipino and Indonesian pre-service teachers on code-switching between Cebuano or Bahasa Indonesia, respectively, and English. Attributed to Canagarajah's Global English, among other theories, this quantitative research described the languages used and the perceptions on code-switching. The study compared the results of the Filipino and Indonesian pre-service teachers' perception on codeswitching and identified the preference for language use in both groups. It was found that the respondents are bilingual teachers. Also, both groups agree that teaching in one language only is not beneficial, teaching in both languages is desirable and easier to understand, mixing both languages does not weaken each other, and codeswitching assists in higher grades. Almost all respondents prefer the teaching of English through code-switching. Therefore, an empowered use of the local language and an established teaching of a World English variety unique to the Philippines and Indonesia can help pre-service teachers in their future teaching endeavors.
Publication History
Version of Record online: December 11, 2023
Manuscript accepted: November 3, 2023
Manuscript revised: September 6, 2023
Manuscript received: February 14, 2022
References
Abastillas, G. (2018). You are what you tweet: A divergence in code-switching practices in Cebuano and English speakers in Philippines. In S. R. Mehta (Ed.), Language and Literature in a Glocal World (pp. 77-97). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8468-3_5
Alenezi, M. Q. (2016). Gender and students' attitude toward code-switching: A correlational study with reference to Saudi Arabian medical students at Northern Boarder University. International Journal of English Language and Translation Studies, 4(3), 154-166. www.eltsjournal.org
Besa, L. M. (2014). Language use in the university: A clash of policies. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 134, 92-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.226
Borlongan, A. M. (2012). Reflecting on the use of code-switching in Philippine education Today. TESOL Journal, 7, 78-80. https://tesol-international-journal.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/V7_A7.pdf
Bullock, B. E., Hinrichs, L., & Toribio, A. J. (2014). World Englishes, code-switching, and convergence. In M. Filppula, J. Klemola, & D. Sharma (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes (pp. 211-231). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199777716.013.009
Chughtai, I. A., Khan, M. A., & Khan, M. R. (2016). Reasons and contexts to switch and mix English code by Pakistani young learners in their native speech: A sociolinguistic study. International Journal of Language and Linguistics, 3(1), 85-94. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Reasons-and-Contexts-to-Switch-and-Mix-English-Code-Chughtai/1bab7f34c0d50add32cac2890cbbd442d2c23395
Cunanan, B. T. (2013). The language profile and the language attitudes of the administrators, faculty members, personnel, and students of a Philippine state university: Implications for language policy formulation.Asian Journal of English Language Studies (AJELS), 1, 135-166. https://ajels.ust.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/7-The-language-profile-and-the-language-attitudes.pdf
De Castro, N. P. G., Parajito, G. P., Realco, J. M. B., & Dacara, J. R. (2021). The effects of code-switching to the communicative competence of 21st century learners: A case study. Universitas, 9(1), 1-1. https://www.ejournals.ph/article.php?id=17631
Fishman, J. A. (1972). Domains and the relationship between micro- and macrosociolinguistics. In J. Gumperz & D. Hymes (Eds.), Directions in sociolinguistics: The ethnography of communication (pp. 407-434). Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Gumperz, J. (1982). Conversational code switching. In J. Gumperz, Discourse Studies (Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics) (pp. 59-99). Cambridge University Press.
Hait, S. M. A. (2014). The functions of code switching used by secondary students in English classes [Middle East University]. https://www.meu.edu.jo/libraryTheses/5870cc104a893_1.pdf
Horasan, S. (2014). Code-switching in EFL classrooms and the perceptions of the students and teachers. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 10(1), 31–45.
https://www.jlls.org/index.php/jlls/article/view/159
Isadaud, D., Fikri, M. D., & Bukhari, M. I. (2022). The urgency of English in the curriculum in Indonesia to prepare human resources for global competitiveness.
DIAJAR: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran, 1(1), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.54259/diajar.v1i1.177
Jan-Petter, B., & Gumperz, J. J. (2020). Social meaning in linguistic structure: Code-switching in Norway. In L. Wei (Ed.), The bilingualism reader (2nd ed., pp. 75-96). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003060406-12
Kuzyk, O., Friend, M., Severdija, V., Zesiger, P., & PoulinDubois, D. (2020). Are there cognitive benefits of codeswitching in bilingual children? A longitudinal study.
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23(3), 542-553. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728918001207
Leimgruber, J. R. E. (2013). The trouble with World Englishes: Rethinking the concept of 'geographical varieties' of English. English Today, 29(3), 3-7. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078413000242
Leoanak, P. P., & Amalo, K. B. (2018). Teachers' beliefs and perceptions of code switching in English as foreign language classroom. SHS Web of Conferences, 42, 00034. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184200034
Liwanag, M. H. C., & Labor, J. S. J. (2016). Mother or adapted tongue: The discursive and pragmatic effects of code-switching in content-based learning. International Journal of Education and Research, 4(11), 31-46. https://ijern.com/journal/2016/November-2016/04.pdf
Mahboob, A., & Lin, A. M. Y. (2016). Using local languages in English language classrooms. In W. A. Renandya & H. P. Widodo (Eds.), English Language Teaching Today (pp. 25-40). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38834-2_3
Mareva, R., Kaburise, P. K., & Klu, E. K. (2016). Teaching 'Standard English' or local, code-switched New Englishes in schools in 'Outer Circle' countries? Insights from selected secondary school teachers of English in Zimbabwe. IRA International Journal of Education and Multidisciplinary Studies, 4(1), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.21013/jems.v4.n1.p13
Nuraini, D. (2019). Curriculum change: Implementing the 2013 English curriculum in senior high schools in West Java Province, Indonesia [University of Exeter]. https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10871/121330/NurainiD.pdf
OECD. (2016). Indonesia. OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/eag-2016-61-en.
Pampag, R. M. C., & Tejero, R. V. (2022). The attitudes of teachers to code-switching in the public secondary schools in Alamada, Cotabato. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 5(1), 186-201. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.7220478
Reswari, G. P. A. (2018). Teaching English in the KTSP curriculum and 2013 curriculum simultaneously: A case study of "a senior high school in Semarang", Central
Java, Indonesia [British Council and Queen's University Belfast]. https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/sites/teacheng/files/girindra_putri_qub_dissertation.pdf
San Buenaventura, P. A. R. (2019, January 30). Education equality in the Philippines [Paper presentation]. International Workshop on Data Disaggregation for the Sustainable Development Goals, Bangkok, Thailand. https://pdf4pro.com/view/education-equality-in-the-philippines-united-nations-78212a.html
Setiawan, D. (2016). English code switching in Indonesian language. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4(7), 1545-1552. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2016.040707
Suganda, L. A., Loeneto, B. A., & Zuraida, Z. (2018). Teachers' use of code switching in an English as a foreign language context in Indonesia. Script Journal: Journal of Linguistic and English Teaching, 3(2), 111. https://doi.org/10.24903/sj.v3i2.202
Tabaku, E. (2014). Code-switching: Beliefs and attitudes of Albanian pre-service English teachers. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 4(2), 384-389. https://doi.org/10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n2p384
Ugalde, R. (2022, October 17). Scrapping MTB-MLE policy will not address learning crisis. Philippine Daily Inquirer. https://opinion.inquirer.net/157909/scrapping-mtb-mle-policy-will-not-address-learningcrisis
Valerio, M. T. B. (2015). Filipino-English code-switching attitudes and practices and their relationship to English academic performance among freshman students of Quirino State University. International Journal of English Language Teaching, 2(1), 76-98. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijelt.v2n1p76
Villanueva, L., & Gamiao, B. (2022). Effects of codeswitching among college instructors and students in a Philippine classroom setting. American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation, 1(2), 70-77. https://doi.org/10.54536/ajmri.v1i2.292
Wijanti, W. (2014, December 10). Bahasa Indonesia/English code switching [Paper presentation]. International Conference on Economics, Education and Humanities, Bali, Indonesia.
Zainil, Y., & Arsyad, S. (2021). Teachers' perception of their code-switching practices in English as a Foreign Language classes: The results of stimulated recall interview and conversation analysis. SAGE Open, 11(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211013802
Alenezi, M. Q. (2016). Gender and students' attitude toward code-switching: A correlational study with reference to Saudi Arabian medical students at Northern Boarder University. International Journal of English Language and Translation Studies, 4(3), 154-166. www.eltsjournal.org
Besa, L. M. (2014). Language use in the university: A clash of policies. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 134, 92-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.226
Borlongan, A. M. (2012). Reflecting on the use of code-switching in Philippine education Today. TESOL Journal, 7, 78-80. https://tesol-international-journal.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/V7_A7.pdf
Bullock, B. E., Hinrichs, L., & Toribio, A. J. (2014). World Englishes, code-switching, and convergence. In M. Filppula, J. Klemola, & D. Sharma (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes (pp. 211-231). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199777716.013.009
Chughtai, I. A., Khan, M. A., & Khan, M. R. (2016). Reasons and contexts to switch and mix English code by Pakistani young learners in their native speech: A sociolinguistic study. International Journal of Language and Linguistics, 3(1), 85-94. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Reasons-and-Contexts-to-Switch-and-Mix-English-Code-Chughtai/1bab7f34c0d50add32cac2890cbbd442d2c23395
Cunanan, B. T. (2013). The language profile and the language attitudes of the administrators, faculty members, personnel, and students of a Philippine state university: Implications for language policy formulation.Asian Journal of English Language Studies (AJELS), 1, 135-166. https://ajels.ust.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/7-The-language-profile-and-the-language-attitudes.pdf
De Castro, N. P. G., Parajito, G. P., Realco, J. M. B., & Dacara, J. R. (2021). The effects of code-switching to the communicative competence of 21st century learners: A case study. Universitas, 9(1), 1-1. https://www.ejournals.ph/article.php?id=17631
Fishman, J. A. (1972). Domains and the relationship between micro- and macrosociolinguistics. In J. Gumperz & D. Hymes (Eds.), Directions in sociolinguistics: The ethnography of communication (pp. 407-434). Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Gumperz, J. (1982). Conversational code switching. In J. Gumperz, Discourse Studies (Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics) (pp. 59-99). Cambridge University Press.
Hait, S. M. A. (2014). The functions of code switching used by secondary students in English classes [Middle East University]. https://www.meu.edu.jo/libraryTheses/5870cc104a893_1.pdf
Horasan, S. (2014). Code-switching in EFL classrooms and the perceptions of the students and teachers. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 10(1), 31–45.
https://www.jlls.org/index.php/jlls/article/view/159
Isadaud, D., Fikri, M. D., & Bukhari, M. I. (2022). The urgency of English in the curriculum in Indonesia to prepare human resources for global competitiveness.
DIAJAR: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran, 1(1), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.54259/diajar.v1i1.177
Jan-Petter, B., & Gumperz, J. J. (2020). Social meaning in linguistic structure: Code-switching in Norway. In L. Wei (Ed.), The bilingualism reader (2nd ed., pp. 75-96). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003060406-12
Kuzyk, O., Friend, M., Severdija, V., Zesiger, P., & PoulinDubois, D. (2020). Are there cognitive benefits of codeswitching in bilingual children? A longitudinal study.
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23(3), 542-553. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728918001207
Leimgruber, J. R. E. (2013). The trouble with World Englishes: Rethinking the concept of 'geographical varieties' of English. English Today, 29(3), 3-7. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078413000242
Leoanak, P. P., & Amalo, K. B. (2018). Teachers' beliefs and perceptions of code switching in English as foreign language classroom. SHS Web of Conferences, 42, 00034. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184200034
Liwanag, M. H. C., & Labor, J. S. J. (2016). Mother or adapted tongue: The discursive and pragmatic effects of code-switching in content-based learning. International Journal of Education and Research, 4(11), 31-46. https://ijern.com/journal/2016/November-2016/04.pdf
Mahboob, A., & Lin, A. M. Y. (2016). Using local languages in English language classrooms. In W. A. Renandya & H. P. Widodo (Eds.), English Language Teaching Today (pp. 25-40). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38834-2_3
Mareva, R., Kaburise, P. K., & Klu, E. K. (2016). Teaching 'Standard English' or local, code-switched New Englishes in schools in 'Outer Circle' countries? Insights from selected secondary school teachers of English in Zimbabwe. IRA International Journal of Education and Multidisciplinary Studies, 4(1), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.21013/jems.v4.n1.p13
Nuraini, D. (2019). Curriculum change: Implementing the 2013 English curriculum in senior high schools in West Java Province, Indonesia [University of Exeter]. https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10871/121330/NurainiD.pdf
OECD. (2016). Indonesia. OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/eag-2016-61-en.
Pampag, R. M. C., & Tejero, R. V. (2022). The attitudes of teachers to code-switching in the public secondary schools in Alamada, Cotabato. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 5(1), 186-201. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.7220478
Reswari, G. P. A. (2018). Teaching English in the KTSP curriculum and 2013 curriculum simultaneously: A case study of "a senior high school in Semarang", Central
Java, Indonesia [British Council and Queen's University Belfast]. https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/sites/teacheng/files/girindra_putri_qub_dissertation.pdf
San Buenaventura, P. A. R. (2019, January 30). Education equality in the Philippines [Paper presentation]. International Workshop on Data Disaggregation for the Sustainable Development Goals, Bangkok, Thailand. https://pdf4pro.com/view/education-equality-in-the-philippines-united-nations-78212a.html
Setiawan, D. (2016). English code switching in Indonesian language. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4(7), 1545-1552. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2016.040707
Suganda, L. A., Loeneto, B. A., & Zuraida, Z. (2018). Teachers' use of code switching in an English as a foreign language context in Indonesia. Script Journal: Journal of Linguistic and English Teaching, 3(2), 111. https://doi.org/10.24903/sj.v3i2.202
Tabaku, E. (2014). Code-switching: Beliefs and attitudes of Albanian pre-service English teachers. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 4(2), 384-389. https://doi.org/10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n2p384
Ugalde, R. (2022, October 17). Scrapping MTB-MLE policy will not address learning crisis. Philippine Daily Inquirer. https://opinion.inquirer.net/157909/scrapping-mtb-mle-policy-will-not-address-learningcrisis
Valerio, M. T. B. (2015). Filipino-English code-switching attitudes and practices and their relationship to English academic performance among freshman students of Quirino State University. International Journal of English Language Teaching, 2(1), 76-98. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijelt.v2n1p76
Villanueva, L., & Gamiao, B. (2022). Effects of codeswitching among college instructors and students in a Philippine classroom setting. American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation, 1(2), 70-77. https://doi.org/10.54536/ajmri.v1i2.292
Wijanti, W. (2014, December 10). Bahasa Indonesia/English code switching [Paper presentation]. International Conference on Economics, Education and Humanities, Bali, Indonesia.
Zainil, Y., & Arsyad, S. (2021). Teachers' perception of their code-switching practices in English as a Foreign Language classes: The results of stimulated recall interview and conversation analysis. SAGE Open, 11(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211013802
Article Sidebar
Published
Dec 11, 2023
Article Details
How to Cite
Terogo, I. J. (2023). Perceptions of Pre-service Teachers on Code-switching in Bahasa Indonesia to English or Cebuano to English. The Normal Lights, 17(2). https://doi.org/10.56278/tnl.v17i2.2148
Section
Research Article
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.