Pesticidal Property of Bakya (Dieffenbachia amoena) Leaf Extract against Yellow Rice Stem Borer (Scirpophaga incertulas)
Main Article Content
Keywords
Bakya, Dieffenbachia amoena, Pesticide, Toxicity, Malathion
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the pesticidal property of “Bakya” (Dieffenbachia amoena) against Yellow Rice Stem Borers (Scirpophagaincertulas). The researchers utilized experimental method in collection andpreparation of raw materials, extraction of Bakya leaves, formulation of Bakya pesticide, determination of physical and chemical properties of Bakya extract, and toxicitytest, to identify the physical properties, i.e.,odor, color, specific gravity, viscosity, and pH(acidity), chemical properties, i.e., solubility, and alkaloids, and lethal dosage, i.e., LD50.The commercial pesticide, i.e., malathion,was used as a control substance. The findings of the study revealed the following: 1) the solvent extraction method using 95% ethylalcohol was used to produce Bakya pesticide;2) the odor of Bakya leaves extract emitted pungentod or while malathion exhibitedan odor of garlic; 3) the dominant color for bakya extract was green while for Malathion was orange; 4) the viscosity of Malathion wasgreater than that of Bakya pesticide; 5) the specific gravity of Bakya pesticide in different temperatures were all lower compared to Malathion; 6) the mean pH of Bakya pesticide was 6.67 and Malathion was 0.7733. Theoptimum pH was 4.0 as prescribed by the European Food Safety Authority; 7) bakya pesticide was soluble in water, indicated that it has the presence of polar group, it is also soluble in HCI, it exhibited a great potential of toxicity but is insoluble in NaOH and H2SO4, hence it did not contain either Phenolor Carboxylic Group. Malathion is insolublein all the compounds; 8) Both pesticides contain alkaloid; 9) The pro bits at 13% and at 25% is approximately 4. The LD value for the probit of 5 is 1.8 and LD50 is equal to 63.10 mg/kg; and 10) There is a significant difference between the commercial pesticide and Bakya Dieffenbachia amoena pesticide. The LD50 of Bakya pesticide was determined using the Yellow Rice Stem Borer. One out often Yellow Rice Stem Borers was found dead after spraying the Bakya pesticide. The LD50was found out to be 63.10 mg/kg. The acuteoral LD50(rat) is equal to 72mg/kg.The findings showed that in using 10% and 20%formulations, there were no observable fatalities among the Yellow Rice Stem Borers. However, using 30% formulation, it was observed that one Yellow Rice StemBorer was found dead. In conclusion, there is a significant difference on the pesticidal property of the three different formulations of Bakya pesticides, i.e., 10%, 20%, and 30%.It implied that a farmer should use 30%formulation of Bakya pesticide in order to control the population of the Yellow Rice Stem Borers.
References
Guevara, B. (2005). A Guidebook to Plant Screening: Phytochemical and Biological. University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines.
Baird, C. & Cann, M. (2012). Environmental Chemistry. New Yor: W.H. Freeman and Company.
Dafalla, H. (2013). “Micropropagation of the Ornamental Plant Dieffanbachia”.
European Food Safety Authority. (2011). Modification of the existing MRL for malathion in camomile. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Journal 9(5), 21-94. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2194.
Gong, L., Chen, Y., Hu, Z., Hu, M. (2013).Testing Insecticidal Activity of Novel Chemically Synthesized siRNA against Plutella xylostella under Laboratory and Field Conditions. PLoS ONE 8(5), e62990.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062990.
Greenfield Magazine. (May 2003). “Botanical Pesticides in Ethical Plants and Vegetables Crops”, May 2003. Greenfield Magazine. (May 2003). “The Rice Stem Borers”.
International Rice Research Note “Soil Biological Health” January 2005 Jones, M. (1974). “Pest of Field Crops” (Second Edition).
Jinde, C. Environmental Hazards Assessment Program. (1994). “Physical–Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate of Pesticides.
Li, Y., Qin, Y., Liu, S., Xing, R., Yu, H., Li, K., & Li, P. (2016). Preparation, Characterization, and Insecticidal Activity of Avermectin-Grafted-N,OCarboxymethyl Chitosan. BioMed Research International. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org.Manahan, S. E. (2000). Environmental Science, Technology, and Chemistry. CRC Press. LLC MARID Agribusiness Digest, Vol.13, No.3, August 2002.
Natsuhara, K. & Tanaka, A. (2012). Pest Control Composition. WIFO Patent Search. Retrieved from https://patentscope. wipo.int/search/en/result.jst.
Oleyede G. K., Onocha P. A., & Abimbade S. F. (2012). Phytochemical, toxicity, antimicrobial and antioxidant screening of extracts obtained from Dieffenbachia picta (Araceae) Leaves and Stem. Journal of Science Research. 11(1), 31-43.
Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemist Vol.17 1999. Pest Control Technology Magazine. “Pesticide Issues: How and Why They Work.” 2010.
Shimokawato, Y. (2011). Pest Controlling Composition. WIFO Patent Search. Retrieved from https://patentscope. wipo.int/search/en/result.jst. SPARK Colorimeter Manual. U.S. Pharmacopeia & National Formulary, Volumes 1-3 Volume 30 2012.
Zacharia, J. T. (2011). Identity, Physical and Chemical Properties of Pesticides, Pesticides in the Modern World””Trends in Pesticide Analysis. Retrieved from http://www.intechopen.com/books/pesticides-in-the-modernworld-trends-in-pesticides-analysis/identity-physical-and-chemicalproperties-of-pesticides.
