Multiple Metal Tolerance of Bacteria Isolated from Selected Rivers of Cavite, Philippines
Main Article Content
Keywords
metals, metal tolerance, metal tolerance patterns, Serratia
Abstract
Metals, in trace amounts, play a role in almost all the metabolic processes, growth and development of microorganisms and in excess can be harmful to them. Increasing concentrations of metals beyond bacteria's tolerance levels force them to develop mechanisms to survive in metal-rich environments. In this study, 190 bacteria which belonged to the genera Aeromonas (49 isolates), Bacillus (21 isolates), Citrobacter (1 isolate), Corynebacterium (22 isolates), E.coli (7 isolates), Enterobacter (5 isolates), Klebsiella (1 isolate), Microccoccus (3 isolates), Morganella (2 isolates), Proteus (3 isolates), Providencia (1 isolate), Pseudomonas (32 isolates), Serratia (16 isolates), Shigella (2 isolates), Staphylococcus (15 isolates), and Yersinia (9 isolates) were isolated from nine rivers of Cavite, Philippines, namely: Ikloy River in Indang, Lit-litan River in Alfonso, Kaong River in Silang, Maragondon River in Ternate, Pulunan and Puting Tubig Rivers in Trece Martires City, Ylang-Ylang River in Gen. Trias, Cañas River in Tanza, and Dasmariñas River in Dasmariñas. The bacterial isolates were tested for their tolerance against lead, copper, mercury, manganese, iron, and zinc at 100, 150, 200, 250, 400, 800, and 1600 ppm concentrations. A decrease in the number of tolerant isolates was observed as the concentration of copper, mercury, and zinc increased. No isolate was able to tolerate 1600 ppm of copper and mercury. Serratia was observed to be the most tolerant genus to lead, copper, zinc, manganese and iron while the genus Bacillus was observed to be the least tolerant to almost all the metals used in this study except to mercury. Four metal tolerance patterns were exhibited by the bacterial isolates with penta-metal tolerance as the main pattern.
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American Water Works Association. (2002). The Story of Drinking Water. Retrieved from https://www.pvwc. com/story_of_water/html/earth.htm.
Aryal, S. (2015). MacConkey Agar-composition, principle, uses, preparation and colony morphology. Retrieved from https://microbiologyinfo.com.
Chaturvedi, K. S., & Henderson, J. P. (2014). Pathogenic adaptations to hostderived antibacterial copper. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol, 4,3.
Chauhan, A., Goyal, P., Varma, A., & Jindal, T. (2015). In-Vitro antibiotic resistance and heavy metal tolerance patterns of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria isolated from effluent treated water of Delhi, India. Journal of Current Pharma Research. 5(2), 1449-1458.
De Vicente, A., Aviles, M., Codina, JC., Borrego, J.J., & Romero, P. (1990). Resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from natural waters. Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 68, 625-632.
Figueras, M.J., & Borrego, J.J. (2010). New perspective in monitoring drinking water microbial quality. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 7, 41794202.
Grass, G., Rensing, C., and Solioz, M. (2011). Metallic copper as an antimicrobial surface. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 77, 1541–1547.
Greenpeace. (2007). The State of Water Resources in the Philippines. Retrieved from https://www. greenpeace.org, pp. 1-49.
Guide Network. (2017). Water pollution guide. Retrieved from https://www. water-pollution.org.uk.
Gupta, G. (2016). Total dissolved solids. Retrieved from https://www.quora. com.
Kaur, I., & Verma, D.D. (2014). Physiochemical and microbiological study of river water of ganga and yamuna in Allahabad. Asian Journal of Science and Technology, 5(11), 669-673.
Keramati, P., Hoodaji, M., Tahmourespour, A. (2011). Multi-metal resistance study of bacteria highly resistant to mercury isolated from dental clinic effluent. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5(7), 831837.
Lopez-Errasquin, E., & Vasquez, C. (2003). Tolerance and Uptake of Heavy Metals by Trichoderma atroviride Isolated from Sludge. Chemosphere, 50, 137-143.
Mirzaei N, Kafilzadeh F, & Kargar M. (2008). Isolation and identification of mercury resistant bacteria from Kor River, Iran. Journal of Biological Science., 8, 935-939.
Nageswaran, N., Ramteke, P.W., & Verma, O.P., & Pandey, A. (2012). Antibiotic susceptibility and heavy metal tolerance pattern of serratia marcescens Isolated from soil and water. Journal of Bioremediation and Biodegradation, 3(7), 1-5.
Nies, D.H. (1999). Microbial heavy metal resistance. App. Microbial Biotechnol., 51, 730-750.
Nies, D.H. (2003). Efflux-mediated heavy metal resistance in prokaryotes. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 27, 313-339.
Oram, B. (2014). pH in the environment ecosystem. Retrieved from https:// www.water-research.net).
Oves, M., & Hussain, F.M. (2016). Antibiotics and heavy metal resistance emergence in water borne bacteria. Journal of Investigative Genomics, 3(2), 1-3.
Perez, M.F.G.M., Hara, J.P., & Cabrestante, M.P. (2015). Evaluation of water quality of major rivers in palawan, Philippines using physico-chemical parameters and water quality index. Session 1-5. Philippine Statistics Authority, pp. 1-13.
Prasanth, S., & Mahesh, V. (2016). Assessment of multi-resistant bacteria from periyar River, Southern India. International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research, 2(1), 23-26.
Prica, M., Dalmacija, B., Roncevic S., Krcmar D, & Becelic M. (2008). A comparison of sediment quality results with acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) ratio in Vojvodina (Serbia) sediments. Science Total Environ. 389, 235–244.
Rijal, N. (2015). Centrimide Agar: Composition, Principle, Preparation and Uses. Retrieved from https:// microbeonline.com.
Sabry, S.A., Ghozian, H.A., & Abou-Zeid, D.M. (1997). Metal tolerance and antibiotic resistance patterns of a bacterial population isolated from sea water. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 82, 245-252.
Sinha, S., Chatterjee, R., Singh, D., Dimri, A.G., & Aggarwal, M.L. (2013). Studies on heavy metal tolerance and antibiotic resistance patterns of bacterial population isolated from effluent treated water of Delhi. Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2(5), 69-76.
Spain, A. (2003). Implications of microbial heavy metal tolerance in the environment. Reviews in Undergraduate Research, 2, 1-6.
Suriya, J., Bharathiraja S., & Rajasekaran R. (2013). Biosorption of heavy metals by biomass of Enterobacter Cloacae isolated from metal-polluted soils. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 5(3), 1329-1338.
Thirupathaiah, M., Samatha, C., & Sammaiah, C. (2012). Analysis of water quality using physico-chemical parameters in lower manair reservoir of karimnagar district, Andhra Pradesh. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 3(1), 172180.
Todar, K. (2012). Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology. Retrieved from https:// www.textbookofbacteriology.net, pp.1-6.
UNESCO-World Water Assessment Programme. (2003). Water for People, Water for Life. The United Nations World Water Development Report. Retrieved from http://www. unesdoc.unesco.org, pp. 1-36.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2014). What is Pollution?. International Decade for Action ”˜Water for Life' 2005-2015. Retrieved from http://www.un.org.
Vinod, J., Gupta, S., & Matic, N. (2013). Assessment of Kharoon River Water Quality at Raipur by PhysicoChemical Parameters Analysis. Asian Journal of Experimental Biological Sciences, 4(1), 79-83.
Warnes, S. L., Green, S. M., Michels, H. T., & Keevil, C. W. (2010). Biocidal efficacy of copper alloys against pathogenic enterococci involves degradation of genomic and plasmid DNAs. Applied Environmental Microbiology. 76, 5390–5401.
Waziri, M., & Ogugbuaja, V.O. (2010). Interrelationships between physicochemical water pollution indicators. A case study of river Yobe-Nigeria. American Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1(1), 76-80.
Yang, YQ, Chen FR., Zhang L., Liu, JS., & Wu, SJ. (2012). Comprehensive assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediment of the Pearl River Estuary and adjacent shelf. Mar Pollut Bull, 64, 1947–1955.
Zeinert, R., Martinez, E., Schmitz, J., Senn, K., Usman, B., Anantharaman, V., Aravind, L., & Waters, L.S. (2018). Structure-function analysis of manganese exporter proteins across bacteria. Journal of Biological Chemical, 1-33.
Zhuang, W., & Gao, X. (2014). Integrated assessment of heavy metal pollution in the surface sediments of the Laizhou Bay and the coastal waters of the Zhangzi Island, China: Comparison among typical marine sediment quality indices, PLoS ONE, 9(4), 1-17.
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Published
Dec 28, 2018
Article Details
How to Cite
Espineli, J. Q., & Ilagan, Y. A. (2018). Multiple Metal Tolerance of Bacteria Isolated from Selected Rivers of Cavite, Philippines. Asia Pacific Higher Education Research Journal (APHERJ), 5(2). https://doi.org/10.56278/apherj.v5i2.1026
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Research Article